Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, GCB GCMG (born 15 July 1946) is the 29th Sultan of Brunei, the eldest son of Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the previous Sultan of Brunei, and Pengiran Anak Damit.
The Sultan currently has two wives, with Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha being designated his first wife. His former second wife, Pengiran Isteri Hajah Mariam, was a former stewardess for the national carrier, Royal Brunei Airlines (RBA) whom he divorced in 2003, stripping her of all her royal titles. In August 2005 her place was taken by a former Malaysian TV3 presenter, Azrinaz Mazhar Hakim, who is 33 years younger than the Sultan.
Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah is the crown prince and the Sultan's heir, the eldest son of the Sultan and Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha, his first wife. As of 2008, Hassanal Bolkiah has five sons and seven daughters with his three wives.
Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, the Sultan is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers since 1962. On 9 March 2006, the Sultan was reported to have changed Brunei's constitution to make himself infallible under Bruneian law. Bolkiah is also the Prime Minister of Brunei, as well as holding the portfolios of Defence and Finance.
He addressed the United Nations General Assembly on Brunei Darussalam's admission to the United Nations in September, 1984. In 1991, he introduced a conservative ideology to Brunei called Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB) (or Malay Islamic Monarchy), which presents the monarchy as the defender of the faith. He has recently favoured partial democratisation. In 2004, the Legislative Council, which had been dissolved since 1962, was reopened.
His designated successor is his eldest son, Al-Muhtadee Billah.
Jumaat, 9 Oktober 2009
Events led to
Brunei , officially the State of Brunei Darussalam or the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: بروني دارالسلام), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and in fact it is separated into two parts by Limbang, which is part of Sarawak.
Brunei, the remnant of a very powerful sultanate[citation needed], regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984 and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. During the early-20th century, the Southeast Asian nation experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development. Economic growth during the 1970s and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei Darussalam into a newly industrialised country. Brunei has one of the world's fastest growing Gross Domestic Product at Purchasing Power Parity. Brunei has the second highest Human Development Index among the South East Asia nations, after Singapore.
The power of the Sultanate of Brunei was at its peak from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries.[5] The Sultanate's suzerainty is thought to have extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. European influence gradually brought an end to this regional power. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei's capital was occupied. Eventually the sultanate was victorious but lost territories to Spain. The decline of the Bruneian Empire culminated in the nineteenth century when Brunei lost much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984, and occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II.
There was a small rebellion against the monarchy during the 1960s, which was suppressed with help from the United Kingdom. This event became known as the Brunei Revolt and was partly responsible for the failure to create the North Borneo Federation. The rebellion partially affected Brunei's decision to opt out of the Malaysian Federation.
Brunei, the remnant of a very powerful sultanate[citation needed], regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984 and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. During the early-20th century, the Southeast Asian nation experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development. Economic growth during the 1970s and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei Darussalam into a newly industrialised country. Brunei has one of the world's fastest growing Gross Domestic Product at Purchasing Power Parity. Brunei has the second highest Human Development Index among the South East Asia nations, after Singapore.
The power of the Sultanate of Brunei was at its peak from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries.[5] The Sultanate's suzerainty is thought to have extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. European influence gradually brought an end to this regional power. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei's capital was occupied. Eventually the sultanate was victorious but lost territories to Spain. The decline of the Bruneian Empire culminated in the nineteenth century when Brunei lost much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984, and occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II.
There was a small rebellion against the monarchy during the 1960s, which was suppressed with help from the United Kingdom. This event became known as the Brunei Revolt and was partly responsible for the failure to create the North Borneo Federation. The rebellion partially affected Brunei's decision to opt out of the Malaysian Federation.
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin
Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin was the son of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I and Raja Isteri Nor Alam. When his father died in 1804, he was still a minor. Therefore, his grandfather, Paduka Seri Begawan Muhammad Tajuddin ascended the throne for the second time. Due to the advanced age of Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin, his younger brother, Pengiran Di-Gadong Pengiran Muda Muhammad Kanzul Alam acted as regent. When Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin died in 1807, the regent became the 21st Sultan of Brunei and was known as Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam. Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam then appointed his own son, Pengiran Anak Muhammad Alam as heir to the throne of Brunei.
In 1825, when Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin had come of age, he asserted his claim to the throne. Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin was supported by most nobles as he was the rightful heir according to Brunei’s royal traditions. The Kris Si Naga in the possession of his mother strengthened his claim. To end the succession crisis, Sultan Muhammad Alam stepped down from the throne and was sentenced to death. In 1828, Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin ascended the throne as the 23rd Sultan of Brunei taking the title Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II.
During Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II’s reign, disturbances occurred in Sarawak. In 1842, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II appointed James Brooke who succeeded in crushing the disturbances as the Sultan Representative (Governor) in Sarawak. In 1846, Brunei Town was attacked and captured by the British and Sultan Saifuddin II was forced to sign a treaty to end the British occupation of Brunei Town. In the same year, Sultan Saifuddin II ceded Labuan to the British under the Treaty of Labuan. In 1847, he signed the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with the British and in 1850, he signed a similar treaty with the United States.
Sultan Saifuddin II died in 1852 and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Sultan Abdul Momin as the 24th Sultan of Brunei.
In 1825, when Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin had come of age, he asserted his claim to the throne. Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin was supported by most nobles as he was the rightful heir according to Brunei’s royal traditions. The Kris Si Naga in the possession of his mother strengthened his claim. To end the succession crisis, Sultan Muhammad Alam stepped down from the throne and was sentenced to death. In 1828, Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin ascended the throne as the 23rd Sultan of Brunei taking the title Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II.
During Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II’s reign, disturbances occurred in Sarawak. In 1842, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II appointed James Brooke who succeeded in crushing the disturbances as the Sultan Representative (Governor) in Sarawak. In 1846, Brunei Town was attacked and captured by the British and Sultan Saifuddin II was forced to sign a treaty to end the British occupation of Brunei Town. In the same year, Sultan Saifuddin II ceded Labuan to the British under the Treaty of Labuan. In 1847, he signed the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with the British and in 1850, he signed a similar treaty with the United States.
Sultan Saifuddin II died in 1852 and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Sultan Abdul Momin as the 24th Sultan of Brunei.
Brunei deuring the japanese occupation
Japanese occupation of Brunei means the time or when the Japanese occupied, stayed in Brunei and ruled Brunei.
On 16 December 1941, The Japanese army landed in Brunei at Kuala Belait. The British were easily defeated by the Japanese as they were unprepared and outnumbered.The Japanese began an attack on Kuala Belait because of the district’s economic importance. After capturing Kuala Belait, The Japanese army moved on to Brunei Town and captured it on 22 December 1941. Due to the superiority of the Japanese army, The Sultan , The Malay Chiefs and the people decided not to resist the Japanese.
While in Borneo, The Japanese introduced a system of
administration called ‘ Miri Shyu’. This system brought together Brunei, Labuan, Baram, Limbang, Bantulu and Lawas as one territory. With Brunei under Japanese control, His Royal Highness Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin was dismissed with a pension. The new administration was headed by a Japanese military governor. The people began to dislike the Japanese because the Japanese did not care about Brunei’s development. The people live at that time were shortages of food and medical supplied which led to famine and epidemic.The ‘kempeitai’ caught and tortured people who were against the Japanese. Kempeitai mean the Japanese military police who carried out cruel punishment.
The Japanese began to introduce an ideology towards the people toadopt Japanese language and culture. The people were forced to adopt this ideology.
On 16 December 1944, the Allied Forces began to bombed Brunei Town and Kuala Belait heavily. Many Japanese ships at Brunei Bay were destroyed.
On 10 June 1945, Australian forces headed by Lieutenant General Sir Moorshead, landed in Muara. The forces advanced from Muara for three days into Brunei Town without much resistance from the Japanese.
From then on, Brunei was temporarily placed under the British Military Administration ( BMA)
The Japanese ruled Brunei for three years. The people suffered shortages of food and medical supplies which led to an outbreak of cholera and malaria epidemics.
There was no development but the feeling of nationalism grew among the local people who led to an awareness of the need for self-rule and the fate of the country decided by its own people.
On 16 December 1941, The Japanese army landed in Brunei at Kuala Belait. The British were easily defeated by the Japanese as they were unprepared and outnumbered.The Japanese began an attack on Kuala Belait because of the district’s economic importance. After capturing Kuala Belait, The Japanese army moved on to Brunei Town and captured it on 22 December 1941. Due to the superiority of the Japanese army, The Sultan , The Malay Chiefs and the people decided not to resist the Japanese.
While in Borneo, The Japanese introduced a system of
administration called ‘ Miri Shyu’. This system brought together Brunei, Labuan, Baram, Limbang, Bantulu and Lawas as one territory. With Brunei under Japanese control, His Royal Highness Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin was dismissed with a pension. The new administration was headed by a Japanese military governor. The people began to dislike the Japanese because the Japanese did not care about Brunei’s development. The people live at that time were shortages of food and medical supplied which led to famine and epidemic.The ‘kempeitai’ caught and tortured people who were against the Japanese. Kempeitai mean the Japanese military police who carried out cruel punishment.
The Japanese began to introduce an ideology towards the people toadopt Japanese language and culture. The people were forced to adopt this ideology.
On 16 December 1944, the Allied Forces began to bombed Brunei Town and Kuala Belait heavily. Many Japanese ships at Brunei Bay were destroyed.
On 10 June 1945, Australian forces headed by Lieutenant General Sir Moorshead, landed in Muara. The forces advanced from Muara for three days into Brunei Town without much resistance from the Japanese.
From then on, Brunei was temporarily placed under the British Military Administration ( BMA)
The Japanese ruled Brunei for three years. The people suffered shortages of food and medical supplies which led to an outbreak of cholera and malaria epidemics.
There was no development but the feeling of nationalism grew among the local people who led to an awareness of the need for self-rule and the fate of the country decided by its own people.
British Residential System In Brunei
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
British Residential System in Brunei
Introduced in 1906.
The result of the Supplementary Protectorate Agreement signed on 31 December 1905 and 3 January 1906 by Sultan Hashim for Brunei and John Anderson for the British government.
N British Resident was appointed to advise the Sultan on all matters of administration except those touching on Islam.
N The first Resident was Malcolm McArthur.
N Took office in May 1906.
Changes under the Residential System
Before the Resident system
-Land governed according to traditional land right.
- Holder to Tulin and Kuripan territons rarely paid taxes to the Sultan.
After the Resident system
- these traditional land right according to Resident system.
-Monopoly Rights were mainly controlled by Chinese businessmen.
British Residential System in Brunei
Introduced in 1906.
The result of the Supplementary Protectorate Agreement signed on 31 December 1905 and 3 January 1906 by Sultan Hashim for Brunei and John Anderson for the British government.
N British Resident was appointed to advise the Sultan on all matters of administration except those touching on Islam.
N The first Resident was Malcolm McArthur.
N Took office in May 1906.
Changes under the Residential System
Before the Resident system
-Land governed according to traditional land right.
- Holder to Tulin and Kuripan territons rarely paid taxes to the Sultan.
After the Resident system
- these traditional land right according to Resident system.
-Monopoly Rights were mainly controlled by Chinese businessmen.
The Loss Of Labuan
THE history of Brunei's nearest island, Labuan, just off Brunei Bay had its start in the early days of the Brooke interference in Brunei's affairs. Labuan, until its forcible take over by the British in 1846 had been under the rule of the Sultan of Brunei ever since the Sultanate began.
Similarly, from the 14th century, the territory around Sarawak River (today's Kuching) was a province of Brunei. Its administration was headed by Datu Pattingi Sarawak who reported to a Cheteria, both appointed by the Sultan of Brunei. In 1824, the Cheteria was Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Mohamed Salleh.
Pengiran Indera Mahkota was educated in Batavia (Jakarta) and furthered his studies in Netherlands. In 1827, he was appointed as Governor of Sarawak. Sarawak flourished under him. He also developed its trade and increased its revenue by exporting antimony.
Antimony was used in the making of alloys. To get the antimony, local residents were forced to work in his mines.
In 1839, the residents there rebelled against him because of his oppressive rule. Brunei sent Pengiran Muda Hashim, the son of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam to deal with the rebellion.
James Brooke attracted by the richness of the area also came there. Pengiran Muda Hashim asked for Brooke's assistance because Pengiran Muda Hashim had a long standing resentment against Pengiran Indera Mahkota. Five years earlier, Pengiran Muda Hashim visited Kuching but when he arrived, he was not personally welcomed by Pengiran Indera Mahkota.
Pengiran Indera Mahkota as the Governor of Sarawak opted to wait at the Hall of Audience instead.
At first James Brooke refused to help Pengiran Muda Hashim, but Brooke came back the next year and helped Pengiran Muda Hashim because he was offered the governorship of Sarawak in replacement of Pengiran Indera Mahkota if he could end the rebellion. Brooke managed to end the rebellion but he was not offered the governorship until he forced the issue in 1841. In 1842, Brooke sailed to Brunei to be confirmed Governor in exchange for paying an annual tribute.
In 1845 Pengiran Muda Hashim returned from Sarawak to Brunei, accompanied by a British naval captain, Sir Edward Blecher.
While in Sarawak, Pengiran Muda Hashim had lost his high status at home due to a palace coup in Brunei. His opponent Pengiran Usop has become Bendahara in his absence.
Brooke and the British Naval Forces forcibly re-installed Pengiran Muda Hashim as the Bendahara. Pengiran Muda Hashim also secured official recognition to become the next Sultan of Brunei.
This upset the chances of Pengiran Temenggong Pengiran Anak Hashim, the son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifudin II, who plotted to kill Pengiran Muda Hashim.
As might be expected, the foreign intervention in Brunei caused a great deal of unhappiness in the Brunei Court, Pengiran Muda Hashim was hated as he was regarded to be Brooke's protégé and his family's arrogant manner alienated the other Brunei nobles. In 1846, Pengiran Muda Hashim was murdered. Ranjit Singh in his book, Brunei 1839-1983 argued that the murder was not necessarily because it was an anti-British movement. Another view was that this was the culmination of a long drawn out feud between two branches of the royal family.
However Brooke considered the murder to be an insult to Britain. He asked Rear Admiral Thomas Cochrane that Brunei be punished.
The British hearing of these events, and pressured by British commercial interests, decided that this is a good opportunity for them to occupy Labuan. The other western powers had expanded in the region that Britain too realised the need to have a permanent harbour in northwestern Borneo.
Labuan was considered as a safe shelter and strategically sited to protect British interest in the region especially the China trade route. With the assistance of Brooke, Britain now sought to take over Labuan.
The Rear Admiral sent British warships from Singapore. In Brunei, there were minor exchanges of fire but the British gunships were able to destroy much of Brunei's defences.
The Sultan had to flee to Damuan. But Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II was eventually persuaded to return to accept the terms imposed by Brooke. The Sultan was also forced to sign a treaty on 2nd August 1846 allowing Brooke to become Sarawak's independent ruler and given territories from Tanjung Datu to Samarahan River. James Brooke now became the Rajah of Sarawak.
In a book written by Frank Maryatt, Borneo and the Indian Archipelago published in 1848, the description of the pressure that faced the Sultan was very intense. He, a midshipman with HMS Samarang was part of the party that came to seek an audience with the Sultan.
He was "ordered to lie on her oars abreast of the audience chamber, and to keep her 6-pounder, in where there was a fearful dose of grape and canister, pointed at the Sultan himself during the whole of the interview".
At the same time, in the main street (of the river), "lay the steamer, with a spring on her cable, her half ports up, and guns loaded to the muzzle, awaiting, as by instruction, for the discharge of the gun from the barge, to follow up the work of death. The platform admitted one of the steamer's guns to look into the audience chamber, the muzzle was pointed direct at the sultan, a man held the lighted tow in his hand. Every European on board had his musket ready loaded".
The British was surprised that despite such intense pressure, the Bruneians did not show any sign of fear. Frank Maryatt described the atmosphere "considering the natives were well aware that our guns were directed against them, the self-possession and coolness shared by every one of them were worthy of admiration. They never showed the slightest emotion, their speeches were free from gesticulation, and even their threats were conveyed in a quiet subdued tone; and every thing was carried on with all the calmness and deliberations that might be expected at a cabinet council at St James".
Soon after the signing of the 1846 treaty, the British put pressure on Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II to cede Labuan to the British. The Sultan refused and employed delaying tactics.
However the British navy lined up British warships near the Sultan's palace with cannons ready to fire if the Sultan refused to sign the treaty. The Sultan had no choice.
He signed the Treaty of Labuan on 18th December 1846. Six days later, the British occupied the island. It was on 24 December 1846 when Captain Mundy, commanding HMS Iris, took possession of Labuan, "in the Name of Her Majesty Victoria Queen of Great Britain and Ireland under the Direction of His Excellency Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, C.B., Commander-in-Chief".
The loss of Labuan was a big blog blow to Brunei. Labuan was considered as its only gateway in the sea to the outside world.
Subsequently Labuan became a Crown Colony in 1848 and part of North Borneo in 1890. It joined the Straits Settlements in 1906. During World War II, Labuan was occupied by the Japanese and renamed as Maida Island. Labuan joined British North Borneo in July 1946 and became part of Malaysia as the state of Sabah in 1963. In 1984 Labuan was ceded by Sabah to the federal government and made a federal territory.
Similarly, from the 14th century, the territory around Sarawak River (today's Kuching) was a province of Brunei. Its administration was headed by Datu Pattingi Sarawak who reported to a Cheteria, both appointed by the Sultan of Brunei. In 1824, the Cheteria was Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Mohamed Salleh.
Pengiran Indera Mahkota was educated in Batavia (Jakarta) and furthered his studies in Netherlands. In 1827, he was appointed as Governor of Sarawak. Sarawak flourished under him. He also developed its trade and increased its revenue by exporting antimony.
Antimony was used in the making of alloys. To get the antimony, local residents were forced to work in his mines.
In 1839, the residents there rebelled against him because of his oppressive rule. Brunei sent Pengiran Muda Hashim, the son of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam to deal with the rebellion.
James Brooke attracted by the richness of the area also came there. Pengiran Muda Hashim asked for Brooke's assistance because Pengiran Muda Hashim had a long standing resentment against Pengiran Indera Mahkota. Five years earlier, Pengiran Muda Hashim visited Kuching but when he arrived, he was not personally welcomed by Pengiran Indera Mahkota.
Pengiran Indera Mahkota as the Governor of Sarawak opted to wait at the Hall of Audience instead.
At first James Brooke refused to help Pengiran Muda Hashim, but Brooke came back the next year and helped Pengiran Muda Hashim because he was offered the governorship of Sarawak in replacement of Pengiran Indera Mahkota if he could end the rebellion. Brooke managed to end the rebellion but he was not offered the governorship until he forced the issue in 1841. In 1842, Brooke sailed to Brunei to be confirmed Governor in exchange for paying an annual tribute.
In 1845 Pengiran Muda Hashim returned from Sarawak to Brunei, accompanied by a British naval captain, Sir Edward Blecher.
While in Sarawak, Pengiran Muda Hashim had lost his high status at home due to a palace coup in Brunei. His opponent Pengiran Usop has become Bendahara in his absence.
Brooke and the British Naval Forces forcibly re-installed Pengiran Muda Hashim as the Bendahara. Pengiran Muda Hashim also secured official recognition to become the next Sultan of Brunei.
This upset the chances of Pengiran Temenggong Pengiran Anak Hashim, the son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifudin II, who plotted to kill Pengiran Muda Hashim.
As might be expected, the foreign intervention in Brunei caused a great deal of unhappiness in the Brunei Court, Pengiran Muda Hashim was hated as he was regarded to be Brooke's protégé and his family's arrogant manner alienated the other Brunei nobles. In 1846, Pengiran Muda Hashim was murdered. Ranjit Singh in his book, Brunei 1839-1983 argued that the murder was not necessarily because it was an anti-British movement. Another view was that this was the culmination of a long drawn out feud between two branches of the royal family.
However Brooke considered the murder to be an insult to Britain. He asked Rear Admiral Thomas Cochrane that Brunei be punished.
The British hearing of these events, and pressured by British commercial interests, decided that this is a good opportunity for them to occupy Labuan. The other western powers had expanded in the region that Britain too realised the need to have a permanent harbour in northwestern Borneo.
Labuan was considered as a safe shelter and strategically sited to protect British interest in the region especially the China trade route. With the assistance of Brooke, Britain now sought to take over Labuan.
The Rear Admiral sent British warships from Singapore. In Brunei, there were minor exchanges of fire but the British gunships were able to destroy much of Brunei's defences.
The Sultan had to flee to Damuan. But Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II was eventually persuaded to return to accept the terms imposed by Brooke. The Sultan was also forced to sign a treaty on 2nd August 1846 allowing Brooke to become Sarawak's independent ruler and given territories from Tanjung Datu to Samarahan River. James Brooke now became the Rajah of Sarawak.
In a book written by Frank Maryatt, Borneo and the Indian Archipelago published in 1848, the description of the pressure that faced the Sultan was very intense. He, a midshipman with HMS Samarang was part of the party that came to seek an audience with the Sultan.
He was "ordered to lie on her oars abreast of the audience chamber, and to keep her 6-pounder, in where there was a fearful dose of grape and canister, pointed at the Sultan himself during the whole of the interview".
At the same time, in the main street (of the river), "lay the steamer, with a spring on her cable, her half ports up, and guns loaded to the muzzle, awaiting, as by instruction, for the discharge of the gun from the barge, to follow up the work of death. The platform admitted one of the steamer's guns to look into the audience chamber, the muzzle was pointed direct at the sultan, a man held the lighted tow in his hand. Every European on board had his musket ready loaded".
The British was surprised that despite such intense pressure, the Bruneians did not show any sign of fear. Frank Maryatt described the atmosphere "considering the natives were well aware that our guns were directed against them, the self-possession and coolness shared by every one of them were worthy of admiration. They never showed the slightest emotion, their speeches were free from gesticulation, and even their threats were conveyed in a quiet subdued tone; and every thing was carried on with all the calmness and deliberations that might be expected at a cabinet council at St James".
Soon after the signing of the 1846 treaty, the British put pressure on Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II to cede Labuan to the British. The Sultan refused and employed delaying tactics.
However the British navy lined up British warships near the Sultan's palace with cannons ready to fire if the Sultan refused to sign the treaty. The Sultan had no choice.
He signed the Treaty of Labuan on 18th December 1846. Six days later, the British occupied the island. It was on 24 December 1846 when Captain Mundy, commanding HMS Iris, took possession of Labuan, "in the Name of Her Majesty Victoria Queen of Great Britain and Ireland under the Direction of His Excellency Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, C.B., Commander-in-Chief".
The loss of Labuan was a big blog blow to Brunei. Labuan was considered as its only gateway in the sea to the outside world.
Subsequently Labuan became a Crown Colony in 1848 and part of North Borneo in 1890. It joined the Straits Settlements in 1906. During World War II, Labuan was occupied by the Japanese and renamed as Maida Island. Labuan joined British North Borneo in July 1946 and became part of Malaysia as the state of Sabah in 1963. In 1984 Labuan was ceded by Sabah to the federal government and made a federal territory.
Brunei's Civil War
Brunei’ Civil War was fought between Sultan Muhyiddin and Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin. It lasted for 12 years from 1661 to 1673.
It started because of misunderstanding over the results of a cockfight between son-in-law of Sultan of Sultan Muhammad Ali, Pengiran Muda Bungsu and the son of Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Abdul Mubin. Then Pengiran Muda Bungsu killed the son of Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Abdul Mubin because he lost the game and jeered by the son of Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Abdul Mubin.
His Father Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Abdul Mubin became angry. Then he killed Sultan Muhammad Ali and made himself Sultan, known as Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin. He appointed Pengiran Muda Bungsu as Bendahara because to avoid anger among the late Sultan’s families. The new Bendahara planned to take revenge on the death of Sultan Muhammad Ali.
Sultan Abdul Mubin became afraid and move to Pulau Chermin. Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Muda Bungsu made himself Sultan, known as Sultan Muhyiddin. Brunei had two Sultans which led to the outbreak of Brunei’s Civil War. Sultan of Sulu sent his soldiers to support Sultan Muhyiddin to killed Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin. Sultan Sulu claim Sabah as a result for helping Sultan Muhyiddin in Civil War.
It started because of misunderstanding over the results of a cockfight between son-in-law of Sultan of Sultan Muhammad Ali, Pengiran Muda Bungsu and the son of Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Abdul Mubin. Then Pengiran Muda Bungsu killed the son of Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Abdul Mubin because he lost the game and jeered by the son of Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Abdul Mubin.
His Father Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Abdul Mubin became angry. Then he killed Sultan Muhammad Ali and made himself Sultan, known as Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin. He appointed Pengiran Muda Bungsu as Bendahara because to avoid anger among the late Sultan’s families. The new Bendahara planned to take revenge on the death of Sultan Muhammad Ali.
Sultan Abdul Mubin became afraid and move to Pulau Chermin. Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Muda Bungsu made himself Sultan, known as Sultan Muhyiddin. Brunei had two Sultans which led to the outbreak of Brunei’s Civil War. Sultan of Sulu sent his soldiers to support Sultan Muhyiddin to killed Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin. Sultan Sulu claim Sabah as a result for helping Sultan Muhyiddin in Civil War.
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